Glossary · Outcomes and measurementUpdated September 28, 2026

What is a reference interval (normal range)?

A reference interval is the range of values for a laboratory test found in a defined healthy reference population, usually the central 95%. Values outside it are flagged as abnormal, but not necessarily clinically significant.

  • Reference intervals in plain language
  • How it works in practice
  • Related terms

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Site 02 · City Hospital Lab

Haemoglobin HGB · g/dL

3 strata
  • General13.0 to 17.0
  • Female 18-6412.0 to 15.5
  • Female 65+11.5 to 15.0
+ Add stratumNo Male 65+ stratum: general range applies

In short

  • Typically defined as the 2.5th to 97.5th percentiles of a healthy reference population, so about 5% of healthy people fall outside it by definition.
  • Intervals are specific to the laboratory and method, and often stratified by sex and age.
  • Alert (panic) values are different: limits beyond which a result needs urgent clinical attention.
  • In trials, an out-of-range result prompts a clinical significance assessment by the investigator; clinically significant abnormalities may be recorded as adverse events.

Explained

Reference intervals in multi-site trials

When sites use their own local laboratories, each lab reports against its own reference intervals, which differ with method, population and units. A multi-site trial therefore has to store the range that applied to each result, not a single study-wide range, so out-of-range flags and shift tables are correct. Central laboratories simplify this but are not always practical.

Stratification matters too. Haemoglobin, creatinine and many other analytes have different ranges for men and women, and paediatric and elderly ranges differ from adult ones. Applying an adult male range to a female participant or a child produces false flags and missed abnormalities.

In Capture

Ranges per laboratory, by sex and age, applied automatically

Define reference ranges per laboratory, grouped by analyte, with strata for sex and age. Capture applies the most specific range for each participant, blocks overlapping strata and warns about gaps. Out-of-range values are flagged at entry and prompt a clinical significance decision; alert values are routed to the medical monitor, and a clinically significant result can raise an AE directly.

  • CSV import and export of ranges.
  • Matrix comparing ranges across laboratories.
  • Alert limits separate from normal ranges.
Lab data and reference range management
Biochemistry · Week 4
AnalyteResultRangeSignificant?
ALT212 U/L7-56Yes
Creatinine0.9 mg/dL0.6-1.2-

Alert value

Routed to the medical monitor and PI

One step

Raise adverse event from this result

FAQ

Common questions

Something not covered here? Ask us directly.

Is a reference interval the same as a normal range?

Yes, the terms are used interchangeably. "Reference interval" is the preferred technical term.

Why do reference intervals differ between labs?

Because of different methods, instruments, units and reference populations.

Is an out-of-range value always abnormal?

Not necessarily. About 5% of healthy people fall outside the interval by definition; the investigator judges clinical significance.

What are alert values?

Limits beyond which a result needs urgent clinical attention, separate from the reference interval.

Get lab ranges right at every site

Ranges by lab, sex and age. Free sandbox.

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